USO ALIMENTARE...| Fiori (petali essiccati)
Zafferano bastardo
I petali essiccati sono noti come “zafferano dei poveri”, usati storicamente come sostituto o adulterante dello zafferano vero.
Impieghi culinari
Colorante naturale per riso, zuppe, pane, pasta, formaggi freschi
Aromatizzazione leggera di liquori, vini speziati e tisane
Decorazione alimentare in miscele di spezie
Caratteristiche
Conferiscono colore giallo-arancio
Aroma molto debole, quasi neutro
Non apportano il profilo aromatico dello zafferano (Crocus sativus)
Modalità d’uso
I petali vanno infusi in acqua calda o aggiunti direttamente in cottura
Dosaggio culinario tipico: un pizzico per porzione
Semi e olio di cartamo
Olio di semi di cartamo
L’olio è la forma culinaria più diffusa.
Caratteristiche
Sapore neutro
Elevato contenuto di acidi grassi insaturi
Punto di fumo medio-alto (variabile secondo raffinazione)
Impieghi
Condimenti a crudo
Fritture leggere e cotture brevi
Maionese, salse, margarine vegetali
Cucina industriale e dietetica
È apprezzato perché non copre i sapori degli altri ingredienti.
Cucine tradizionali
Medio Oriente e India: petali come colorante alimentare
Europa (storicamente): alternativa economica allo zafferano
Asia orientale: uso limitato dei fiori in preparazioni tradizionali e medicinali alimentari
Occidente moderno: olio di cartamo come grasso vegetale alimentare |
Vedi anche Ricette con erbe officinali e
Ricette vegetariane
NOTE VARIE E STORICHE...| È una delle piante coltivate più antiche al mondo, con tracce archeologiche in Egitto già oltre 4.000 anni fa.
Probabile origine tra Mezzaluna Fertile, Iran e Asia centrale, da cui si è diffusa in India, Cina e bacino mediterraneo.
Pianta tintoria di grande importanza
I petali contengono carthamina (rosso) e cartamina gialla, pigmenti utilizzati storicamente per tingere stoffe, seta e lana.
In Giappone il pigmento rosso del cartamo era chiamato beni ed era riservato a classi nobili, abiti cerimoniali e cosmetici.
Il colore rosso era più prezioso dell’oro a parità di peso in alcune epoche.
Uso cosmetico storico
Gli antichi Egizi lo usavano per tingere tessuti funerari e come ingrediente cosmetico.
In Asia orientale era impiegato per trucco labbra e guance, precursore dei rossetti moderni.
“Zafferano dei poveri”
In Europa medievale e rinascimentale veniva usato come sostituto economico dello zafferano, pur senza l’aroma caratteristico.
Era noto per colorare i cibi più che per insaporirli.
Valenza simbolica
In Cina il cartamo è associato a movimento, vitalità e trasformazione, riflettendo il suo uso simbolico nella medicina tradizionale.
Era spesso collegato a riti legati al ciclo mestruale e al parto.
Pianta agricola strategica moderna
L’olio di cartamo è stato sviluppato nel XX secolo come alternativa agli oli animali.
È una coltura resistente alla siccità, importante in agricoltura sostenibile e aree aride.
Curiosità botaniche
Appartiene alle Asteraceae, ma non ha capolini tipici “morbidi” come molte margherite: è una pianta spinosa, quasi simile a un cardo.
Le varietà moderne sono state selezionate per ridurre le spine, facilitando la raccolta.
Arte e scienza
I pigmenti di cartamo sono stati identificati in dipinti antichi, manoscritti miniati e tessuti storici grazie ad analisi chimiche moderne.
È uno dei rari esempi di pianta che ha attraversato arte, medicina, cosmetica e alimentazione. |
Ricerche di articoli scientifici su Carthamus tinctorius L.
Bibliografia relativa a principi attivi| Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China Carthami Flos, 2020Delshad Ehsan, Yousefi Mehrdad, Sasannejad Parisa, Rakhshandeh Hossein, Ayati Zahra, Medical Uses of Carthamus tinctorius L. A Comprehensive Review from Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine, Electronic Physician, 2018Zhou Xiaojing, Tang Liang, Xu Yuqin, Zhou Guohua, Wang Zhiliang, Towards a Better Understanding of Medicinal Uses of Carthamus tinctorius L. in Traditional Chinese Medicine A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2014Asgarpanah Jinous, Kazemivash Nastaran, Phytochemistry Pharmacology and Medicinal Properties of Carthamus tinctorius L., Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2013Kim Eun-Young, Moudgil Kailash D., Regulation of Autoimmune Inflammation by the Natural Product Safflower and Its Constituents, Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2017Li Dawei, Wang Peng, Luo Yongkang, Zhao Meng, Chen Feng, Health Benefits of Anthocyanins and Molecular Mechanisms Update from Recent Decade, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2017Emongor Veronica, Safflower Carthamus tinctorius L. The Underutilized and Neglected Crop A Review, Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 2010Knowles Perry F., Centers of Plant Diversity and Conservation of Crop Germplasm Safflower, Economic Botany, 1969Gharby Said, Harhar Hicham, Guillaume Didier, Haddad Abdelaziz, Matthäus Bertrand, Charrouf Zoubida, Oxidative Stability of Edible Oils of Plant Origin, Oilseeds and Fats Crops and Lipids, 2014Yu Shilei, Wang Jing, Yu Liping, Guan Hui, Liu Xiaolin, Zhang Ying, Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Safflower Flowers, BMC Plant Biology, 2021 |
Bibliografia relativa a proprietà e indicazioni| Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China Carthami Flos, 2020Delshad Ehsan, Yousefi Mehrdad, Sasannejad Parisa, Rakhshandeh Hossein, Ayati Zahra, Medical Uses of Carthamus tinctorius L. A Comprehensive Review from Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine, Electronic Physician, 2018Zhou Xiaojing, Tang Liang, Xu Yuqin, Zhou Guohua, Wang Zhiliang, Towards a Better Understanding of Medicinal Uses of Carthamus tinctorius L. in Traditional Chinese Medicine A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2014Asgarpanah Jinous, Kazemivash Nastaran, Phytochemistry Pharmacology and Medicinal Properties of Carthamus tinctorius L., Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2013Han Song, Yang Xiaoyan, Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Activities of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015Zhang Li, Li Jianguo, Hao Mengyao, Vasodilatory and Cardiovascular Effects of Carthamus tinctorius Constituents A Review, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2019Kim Eun-Young, Moudgil Kailash D., Regulation of Autoimmune Inflammation by the Natural Product Safflower and Its Constituents, Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2017Li Dawei, Wang Peng, Luo Yongkang, Zhao Meng, Chen Feng, Health Benefits of Anthocyanins and Molecular Mechanisms Update from Recent Decade, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2017Emongor Veronica, Safflower Carthamus tinctorius L. The Underutilized and Neglected Crop A Review, Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 2010Yu Shilei, Wang Jing, Yu Liping, Guan Hui, Liu Xiaolin, Zhang Ying, Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Safflower Flowers, BMC Plant Biology, 2021 |
Bibliografia relativa a estratti e integratori| Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China Carthami Flos, 2020Delshad Ehsan, Yousefi Mehrdad, Sasannejad Parisa, Rakhshandeh Hossein, Ayati Zahra, Medical Uses of Carthamus tinctorius L. A Comprehensive Review from Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine, Electronic Physician, 2018Zhou Xiaojing, Tang Liang, Xu Yuqin, Zhou Guohua, Wang Zhiliang, Towards a Better Understanding of Medicinal Uses of Carthamus tinctorius L. in Traditional Chinese Medicine A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2014Asgarpanah Jinous, Kazemivash Nastaran, Phytochemistry Pharmacology and Medicinal Properties of Carthamus tinctorius L., Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2013Han Song, Yang Xiaoyan, Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Activities of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015Zhang Li, Li Jianguo, Hao Mengyao, Vasodilatory and Cardiovascular Effects of Carthamus tinctorius Constituents A Review, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2019Kim Eun-Young, Moudgil Kailash D., Regulation of Autoimmune Inflammation by the Natural Product Safflower and Its Constituents, Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2017Emongor Veronica, Safflower Carthamus tinctorius L. The Underutilized and Neglected Crop A Review, Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 2010Yu Shilei, Wang Jing, Yu Liping, Guan Hui, Liu Xiaolin, Zhang Ying, Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Safflower Flowers, BMC Plant Biology, 2021Knowles Perry F., Centers of Plant Diversity and Conservation of Crop Germplasm Safflower, Economic Botany, 1969 |
Bibliografia relativa a tisane e composizioni| Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China Carthami Flos, 2020Delshad Ehsan, Yousefi Mehrdad, Sasannejad Parisa, Rakhshandeh Hossein, Ayati Zahra, Medical Uses of Carthamus tinctorius L. A Comprehensive Review from Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine, Electronic Physician, 2018Zhou Xiaojing, Tang Liang, Xu Yuqin, Zhou Guohua, Wang Zhiliang, Towards a Better Understanding of Medicinal Uses of Carthamus tinctorius L. in Traditional Chinese Medicine A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2014Asgarpanah Jinous, Kazemivash Nastaran, Phytochemistry Pharmacology and Medicinal Properties of Carthamus tinctorius L., Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2013Han Song, Yang Xiaoyan, Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Activities of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015Zhang Li, Li Jianguo, Hao Mengyao, Vasodilatory and Cardiovascular Effects of Carthamus tinctorius Constituents A Review, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2019Kim Eun-Young, Moudgil Kailash D., Regulation of Autoimmune Inflammation by the Natural Product Safflower and Its Constituents, Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2017Emongor Veronica, Safflower Carthamus tinctorius L. The Underutilized and Neglected Crop A Review, Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 2010Yu Shilei, Wang Jing, Yu Liping, Guan Hui, Liu Xiaolin, Zhang Ying, Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Safflower Flowers, BMC Plant Biology, 2021Knowles Perry F., Centers of Plant Diversity and Conservation of Crop Germplasm Safflower, Economic Botany, 1969 |
Bibliografia relativa a preparazioni alcoliche| Phytochemistry, pharmacology and medicinal properties of Carthamus tinctorius L. – autori vari. Medical uses of Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower): a comprehensive review from Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine – autori vari. European Medicines Agency (EMA). Assessment report on Carthamus tinctorius L., flos. Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects – Second Edition, Ed. Benzie IFF & Wachtel-Galor S. Carthamus tinctorius in Traditional and Modern Herbal Medicine – autori vari. |
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